Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea

This book details the long, diverse, and complex phylogenetic history of elephants and their fossil relatives (the Proboscidea), whose origin is deeply embedded some 60 million years ago in Africa. Most of the major evolutionary events of proboscideans occurred in Africa, and these are examined in their geological, paleoecological, geographic, and faunal contexts. Updated information about feeding adaptations, taxonomy and systematics, genetics, and site occurrences is included and summarized in tables, figures, and charts. This is the first comprehensive review of African proboscideans and illustrates the need to more actively protect elephants and ensure their survival in modern ecosystems.

Introduction: Desiderata
1. Context of African Proboscidean Evolution
2. Early Paleogene: Origin and Evolution of the First Proboscideans
3. Late Paleogene: First Major Diversification and Adaptive Radiation of Proboscideans
4. Early to Middle Miocene: Diversification of Proboscideans and Dominance of Elephantimorphs
5. Late Miocene: The Rise of Elephants
6. Early Pliocene: Proboscidean Relay Interval
7. Late Pliocene to Holocene: The Rise and Fall of the Elephas recki complex