Fluid Preservation

This revised edition of Fluid Preservation: A Comprehensive Reference has been updated with a wealth of new research published during the last decade on preserving specimens in alcohol, formaldehyde, and other fluids. The text includes an expanded comprehensive bibliography and sections on managing fluid-preserved collections, determining preservative concentration, storage environments, preservation history and techniques, anatomical preparations, health and safety, fluid-preserved specimens in art and history museums, and cultural interpretations of fluid preservation in art, literature, and film. Although fluid preservation has been practised for more than 350 years, Fluid Preservation: A Comprehensive Reference remains the only reference that thoroughly summarises current knowledge about this complex and often confusing topic.

Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Boxes
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgements

Chapter 1. History of Fluid Preservation
      History of Ethyl Alcohol
      The Discovery of Preservation of Specimens in Ethyl Alcohol
      Instructions for Preserving Specimens in Fluids up to 1800
      Instructions for Preserving Specimens in Fluids 1800 to 1900
      The Introduction of Formaldehyde
      Botanical Fluid Preservation after about 1900
      Instructions for Preserving Specimens in Fluids after 1900
      Other Fluid Preservatives
      Summary

Chapter 2. Fixation
      Formaldehyde
      Commercial Formaldehyde
      Formaldehyde as a Fixative and Preservative
      Factors that Affect Fixation
            Time and Penetration Rate and Depth
            Temperature
            Tissue Structure and Composition
            Buffering and Fixative pH Range
            Concentration
      Formaldehyde and the Preservation of DNA
      Botanical Fixatives
      Narcotization
      Fixatives for Botanical Specimens
      Lipids and Fixation
      Formaldehyde and Field Work
      Post-Formaldehyde Fixation Washing
      Unwanted Effects of Formaldehyde
      Gluteraldehyde
      Aldehyde Safety
      Alternative and Proprietary Fixatives
      Summary

Chapter 3. Preservation
      Preservation without Fixation
      Transfer between Fluids
      Preservative Quality
      Botanical Uses of Fluid Preservation
      Glycerin
      Isopropyl Alcohol
      Fluid Preservation of DNA
      Evaporation
      Anatomical and Histological Fluid Preparations
      Mounting Specimens Inside Containers
      Glycol, Phenol, and Phenoxetol as Preservatives
      Mineral Oil
      Universal Fixatives
      Criteria for Evaluating Alternative Fixative and Preservative Fluids

Chapter 4. Effects of Fixatives and Preservatives on Specimens
      Changes in Body Dimensions and Biomass
      Changes in Color
      Solvent Extraction by Fixatives and Preservatives

Chapter 5. Managing Fluid-preserved Collections
      Standard Operating Procedures
      Monitoring Containers, Specimens, and Fluid Preservatives
      Monitoring the Storage Environment
      Integrated Pest Management
      Curators, Collection Managers, and Others
      Fluid-Preserved Collection Facilities
      Identification of Fluid Preservatives
      Determining Fluid Concentration
      pH of Preservative Solutions
      Preparing Fixatives and Preservatives
      Containers and Seals
      Labeling
      The Storage Environment
      Use of Specimens
      Topping Up and Replacing Preservatives
      Why do Closures Fail?
      Microbial Growth in Fluid Collections-Detection and Remediation
      Rehabilitation of Fluid-Preserved Collections
      Rehydration of Fluid-Preserved Specimens
      Moving Fluid-Preserved Collections
      Exhibition of Fluid-Preserved Specimens
      Old Containers and Old Specimens
      Repair of Damaged Fluid-Preserved Specimens
      Health and Safety
            Alcohol Safety
            Formaldehyde Safety
      Fire Prevention and Detection
      Disaster Preparedness Plans for Fluid-Preserved Collections
      Summary

Chapter 6. Fluid-preserved Collections as Cultural Patrimony
      Why Preserve Specimens in Fluid?
      The Fluid-preserved Human
      Fond Memories of Fluid Preservation
      Fluid Preservation in Visual Art
      Fluid Preservation in Literature
      Fluid Preservation in Film
      Fluid Preservation in Popular Culture
      The Aesthetics and Importance of Fluid Preservation

Literature Cited
Reference Tables
Appendix: Other Fluid Preservation LiteratureIndex
About the Author