Part I. Introduction to the Nature of Monitoring Problems and to Rivers: 1. Why we need well-designed monitoring programs; 2. The ecological nature of flowing waters; 3. Assessment of perturbation; Part II. Principles of Inference and Design: 4. Inferential issues for monitoring; 5. The logical bases of monitoring design; 6. Problems in applying designs; 7. Alternative models for impact assessment; Part III. Applying Principles of Inference and Design: 8. Applying monitoring designs to flowing waters; 9. Inferential uncertainty and multiple lines of evidence; 10. Variables that are used for monitoring in flowing waters; 11. Defining important changes; 12. Decisions and trade-offs; 13. Optimization; 14. The special case of monitoring attempts at restoration; 15. What's next?

Barbara J. Downes is a Senior Lecturer in Ecology in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of Melbourne, Australia. She is an aquatic ecologist, with 20 years research experience in both freshwater and marine environments. Leon A. Barmuta is a Lecturer in Zoology at the University of Tasmania, Australia. He is a freshwater ecologist with extensive experience in basic and applied ecology in Australia and the United States of America. Peter Fairweather is a Senior Lecturer in Ecology at Deakin University, Australia. He has worked in marine, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems in Australia and USA, and has edited the Australian Journal of Ecology. Daniel Faith is a Principal Research Scientist at the Australian Museum, with research interests in systematics, biodiversity conservation and biological monitoring. He is an Associate Editor of Systematic Biology. Michael Keough is a Reader in Zoology at the University of Melbourne. His research interests include the ecology of natural and human-induced disturbances in coastal habitats. He is co-author of Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists, Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. S. Lake is Professor in Ecology at Monash University, Australia. He is currently Chief Ecologist in the Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology.