The Great American Biotic Interchange

South American ecosystems suffered one of the greatest biogeographical events, after the establishment of the Panamian land bridge, called the "Great American Biotic Interchange" (GABI). This refers to the exchange, in several phases, of land mammals between the Americas; this event started during the late Miocene with the appearance of the Holartic Procyonidae (Huayquerian Age) in South America and continues today. The major phases of mammalian dispersal occurred from the Latest Pliocene (Marplatan Age) to the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian Age). The most important and richest localities of Late Miocene-Holocene fossil vertebrates of South America are those of the Pampean region of Argentina. There are also several Late Miocene and Pliocene localities in western Argentina and Bolivia. Other important fossils have been collected in localities of Pleistocene age outside Argentina: Tarija (Bolivia), karstic caves of Lagoa Santa and the recently explored caves of Tocantins (Brasil), Talara (Peru), La Carolina (Ecuador), Muaco (Venezuela), and Cueva del Milodon (Chile), among others. The Great American Biotic Interchange discusses basic information for interpreting the GABI such as taxonomic composition (incorporating the latest revisions) at classical and new localities for each stage addressing climate, environments, and time boundaries for each stage. It includes the chronology and dynamics of the GABI, the integration of South American mammalian faunas through time, the Quaternary mammalian extinctions and the composition of recent mammalian fauna of the continent.

- The history of the Great American Biotic Interchange concept
- Continents involved in the GABI
- Landbridges between previously isolated continents
- Chronology, Stratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of South America since Late Miocene to the Recent
- Objectives and hypothesis
- Methods
- Stratigraphic conceptual framework
- Taxonomic diversity: native, immigrant, and in situ differentiated taxa
- Paleoecology: body mass and diet estimations
- Analysis of Immigrant Mammal Fauna through the Diffferent Ages
- Huayquerian Age
- Montehermosan Age
- Chapadmalalan Age
- Marplatan Age
- Ensenadan Age
- Bonaerian Ag
- Lujanian Age
- Platan Age
- Discussion
- The GABI chronology and dynamics
- Integration of South American mammalian faunas: native and immigrant taxa coexisting
- Quaternary mammalian extinctions in South American Composition of recent mammalian fauna of South America